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Öğe Enhancing vehicle detection in intelligent transportation systems via autonomous UAV platform and YOLOv8 integration(Elsevier, 2024) Bakırcı, MuratThis study highlights the evolving landscape of object detection methodologies, emphasizing the superiority of deep learning-based approaches over traditional methods. Particularly in intelligent transportation systems-related applications requiring robust image processing techniques, such as vehicle identification, localization, tracking, and counting within traffic scenarios, deep learning has gained substantial traction. The YOLO algorithm, in its various iterations, has emerged as a popular choice for such tasks, with YOLOv5 garnering significant attention. However, a more recent iteration, YOLOv8, was introduced in early 2023, ushering in a new phase of exploration and potential innovation in the field of object detection. Consequently, due to its recent emergence, the number of studies on YOLOv8 is extremely limited, and an application in the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has not yet found its place in the existing literature. In light of this gap, this study makes a noteworthy contribution by delving into vehicle detection using the YOLOv8 algorithm. Specifically, the focus is on targeting aerial images acquired through a modified autonomous UAV, representing a unique avenue for the application of this cutting-edge algorithm in a practical context. The dataset employed for training and testing the algorithm was curated from a diverse collection of traffic images captured during UAV missions. In a strategic effort to enhance the variability of vehicle images, the study systematically manipulated flight patterns, altitudes, orientations, and camera angles through a custom-designed and programmed drone. This deliberate approach aimed to bolster the algorithm's adaptability across a wide spectrum of scenarios, ultimately enhancing its generalization capabilities. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, a comprehensive comparative analysis was conducted, focusing on the YOLOv8n and YOLOv8x submodels within the YOLOv8 series. These submodels were subjected to rigorous testing across diverse lighting and environmental conditions using the dataset. Through tests, it was observed that YOLOv8n achieved an average precision of 0.83 and a recall of 0.79, whereas YOLOv8x attained an average precision of 0.96 and a recall of 0.89. Furthermore, YOLOv8x also outperformed YOLOv8n in terms of F1 score and mAP, achieving values of 0.87 and 0.83 respectively, compared to YOLOv8n's 0.81 and 0.79. These outcomes of the evaluation illuminated the relative strengths and weaknesses of YOLOv8n and YOLOv8x, leading to the conclusion that YOLOv8n is well-suited for real-time ITS applications, while YOLOv8x exhibits superior detection capabilities.Öğe Evaluating the impact of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) on air quality management in smart cities: A comprehensive analysis of transportation-related pollution(Elsevier, 2024) Bakırcı, MuratUrban environments face significant air pollution challenges affecting health and sustainability. Using unmanned aerial vehicles for air quality monitoring offers a promising solution. This research aims to improve these vehicles' ability to identify pollution sources and develop strategies, with a focus on transportation-related pollution. Detailed air pollution tests revealed that pollutant concentrations surged during morning rush hours, especially in high-traffic coastal areas, while areas away from traffic had much lower levels. Evening tests showed that pollutants from daytime traffic had dispersed throughout the urban area. The consistent northward shift in pollutant concentrations underscored the link between traffic patterns and pollutant distribution. Quantitative analyses and the resulting air pollutant maps showed average increases in pollutant concentrations between morning and evening hours in high-traffic areas: 12.1% for NO2, 5.3% for CO, 9.8% for PM10, and 11.4% for PM2.5. In contrast, the increases in pollutant concentrations in less trafficked urban regions were 45.9%, 48.2%, 32.7%, and 29.5%, respectively. This demonstrates how air pollution originating from areas with heavy traffic impacts other regions through environmental and geographical factors. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive air quality management strategies at the city level, targeting emissions in high-traffic areas and adapting to temporal fluctuations in pollutant levels.Öğe Dealloying technique in the synthesis of lithium-ion battery anode materials(Springer Link, 2016) Kunduracı, MuharremIn the last decade, dealloying has become a popular and effective strategy to fabricate nanoporous metals used in electrochemical applications such as electrocatalysis and energy storage. This review article summarizes the recent literature on dealloyed non-noble metals and oxides evaluated as lithium-ion battery anode materials. The importance of dealloying parameters to achieve desired pore and ligament sizes is emphasized. A future research roadmap is also provided.Öğe Improved lithium-ion battery anode performance via multiple element approach(Elsevier, 2018) Kunduracı, Muharrem; Ulusoy Ghobadi, Turkan Gamze; Yılmaz, EdaIn this work, single (Co3O4), binary (Co3O4/ZnO) and ternary (Co3O4/ZnO/NiO) nanomaterials were successfully synthesized by Pechini method followed by a calcination step. Electrochemical lithium storage capabilities of the anode materials were studied. The results showed that the best capacity retention and lowest voltage hysteresis was achieved with ternary material. The ternary material showed a first cycle charge capacity of 649 mAh/g at 70 mA/g and maintained 83% of this capacity after 39 cycles. The results demonstrated the positive impact of multiple element strategy on the cycle life of anode materials.Öğe Impact of Li2O/metal mole ratio on lithium-ion battery anode performance(Elsevier, 2018) Kunduracı, Muharrem; Ulusoy Ghobadi, Turkan Gamze; Yılmaz, EdaIn this study the electrochemical impact of Li2O/metal mole ratio on the cycle life of lithium-ion battery anode materials is demonstrated. For this purpose, nanostructured layered LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (LiNMC) and spinel LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (LiMNO) materials, traditionally known as cathode materials, are evaluated as anode materials and compared against their lithium-free versions NMC (Ni:Mn:Co=1:1:1) and MNO (Mn:Ni=3:1). The Li2O/metal ratio in fully lithiated states are 2.0 for lithium containing (LiNMC and LiMNO) and 1.3 for lithium-free (NMC and MNO) samples. Battery tests show that capacity fading of lithium containing samples is 3 to 4 times larger than lithium-free samples. The differences in the electronic conductivities and voltages profiles of lithium containing and lithium-free anode materials are suggested to be the origin of such electrochemical disparity.Öğe Hybrid MnO/Ni Li-ion Battery Anode Material with Enhanced Capacity Retention(Elsevier, 2018) Kunduracı, MuharremIntimately mixed MnO/Ni hybrid materials are synthesized using a two-step process; Pechini process followed by a high temperature reduction step. As-prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and electrochemical tests. (MnO)1-x/(Ni)x hybrid materials with x=0, 0.2 and 0.5 mole ratios are electrochemically evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The battery tests conclusively show that the coulombic efficiency, capacity utilization factor, percentage capacity retention and high rate performance values of control MnO material are enhanced with the presence of nearby metallic Ni nanoparticles. Oxide/metal hybrid material could be a cheaper alternative to commonly known oxide/graphene system.Öğe Activation of Manganese Ions in Lithium-ion Battery Anode Materials via Nickel and Cobalt Doping(Springer, 2018) Kunduracı, Muharrem; Aydinol, M. Kadri; Savaş Uygur, CansuNanosized NixMn3-xOz(x=0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.65, 0.75 and 1.0) and (1-y)Li2MnO3-(y)LiCoO2 (y=0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0) powders were synthesized by the Pechini process and electrochemically evaluated as battery anode materials for their lithium capacities and cycle life. The materials were investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemical characterizations. Undoped anode materials (i.e., Mn2O3 when x=0 and Li2MnO3 when y=0) had the lowest first cycle Coulombic efficiencies and long-term cycling capacities. However, upon addition of Ni or Co elements, drastic improvements in battery performance was observed. The highest percentages of increase in first cycle performance were observed at an intermediate level of doping (i.e., x=0.25 or 0.50 and y=0.1 or 0.25). For extended cycling, on the other hand, anode materials with higher levels of nickel and cobalt doping are the best.Öğe Long-life (Co, Al, Mg)-doped LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 cathodes prepared by co-precipitation method(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Kunduracı, Muharrem; Boyacı, Hilmi; Görmez, Özkan; Çağlayan, Uğur; Çirmi, Doğan; Özkendir, Osman Murat; Harfouche, Messaoud; Gözmen, BelginThe spinel cathode LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (LMN) is garnering significant interest in the realm of lithium-ion batteries owing to its economical nature, elevated operating voltage, high theoretical energy density, and commendable thermal stability at a charged state. Various doping elements have been suggested to enhance the discharge capacity and prolong the lifetime of the LMN cathode. In this study, three doping elements (cobalt, aluminum, and magnesium) are investigated and compared using different characterization techniques. All three elements proved to be effective in extending the cycle life. Among all three elements, cobalt exhibits the highest threshold for dopant concentration beyond which performance degradation initiates. The cathode material with the highest performance, LiMn1.5Ni0.4Co0.1O4, is projected to have a cycle life of 900 cycles, contrasting with the 500 cycles of the undoped sample.Öğe Nanoindentation Creep Behavior of Single-Crystal Bi2Se3 Topological Insulator(Wiley, 2022) Uzun, Utku; Lamuta, Caterina; Yetmez, MehmetA single-crystal Bi2Se3 topological insulator is fabricated using the Bridgman-Stockbarger method. The crystal structure and atomic lattice parameters are identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The nanoindentation size effect on creep displacement, activation volume, and strain rate sensitivity (SRS) with different maximum holding loads between 1000 and 5000 mu N is investigated using depth-sensing nanoindentation. Furthermore, the effect of the loading rate on the steady-state creep displacement and SRS is analyzed and discussed. Results show Bi2Se3's low resistance to plastic deformation and a significant increase of creep displacement with increasing holding load and holding rate. Additionally, creep strain rate, activation volume, and SRS are also calculated from the secondary stage creep, and results are compared with those of other flexible electronic materials.Öğe Numerical Investigation of Magnetohydrodynamic Forced Convection and Entropy Production of Ferrofluid Around a Confined Cylinder Using Wire Magnetic Sources(Springer, 2022) Tumse, Sergen; Zontul, Hakan; Hamzah, Hudhaifa; Sahin, BesirThe current study numerically explored the hydrothermal flow and entropy generation properties of ferrofluid (water and Fe3O4) on a cylindrical body in the rectangular channel subjected to the non-uniform magnetic field going through current carrying wires. The effect of various parameters, such as ferrofluid volume fraction, phi the strength of the non-uniform magnetic field, Ha, and Reynolds number, Re, on the flow characteristics, and forced convection heat transfer, is investigated using finite-volume-based Ansys Fluent 20. Obtained results demonstrate that the applied magnetic field shortens the length of recirculating wake downstream of the cylinder at Re = 25 and makes unsteady flow with alternate vortex shedding as time-independent steady flow for Hartmann numbers greater than Ha >= 6 at Re = 100. At Re = 50, the total drag coefficient, C-D, gets higher by almost 20% when Ha increases from Ha = 0 to Ha = 6 and subsequently grows by 61% at Ha = 10. The findings show that the average Nusselt number, Nu(avg), demonstrates monotonic behavior with the Ha and it augments when the strength of the non-uniform magnetic field increases. The Nu(avg) improvement is in the vicinity of 11.71% at Ha = 10 and 23.26% at Ha = 18 for Re = 25. The maximum value of entropy generation reduces, S-L, when the non-uniform magnetic field is applied. Moreover, increasing the Hartmann number, Ha influences the high levels region of entropy production by relatively extending this zone towards the downstream of the channel and covering more area around the cylinder. According to the outcomes of numerical simulation, there is an increase in Nu(avg) with 3.98% and 3.88% for Ha = 2 and 18, respectively, when the ferrofluid volume fraction rises from phi = 0% to phi = 4% at Re = 25. Finally, the optimum thermal performance criterion, xi, is obtained at Re = 150 for Ha = 0 and phi = 4%.Öğe Experimental investigation of convective heat transfer performance and hydrodynamics of pulsating flow through the rectangular grooved channel(Elsevier, 2023) Zontul, Harun; Şahin, BesirThis study presents hydrodynamics and heat transfer of steady and pulsating flow in a rectangular grooved channel for the Reynolds number and pulsation frequency ranges of 2x103 ≤ Re ≤ 6.5x103 and 0 ≤ F ≤ 5 (Hz) respectively. The Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method is employed for hydrodynamic investigation. Streamlines, velocity vectors, and vorticity contours are drawn to reveal massive flow motions and flow patterns. Flow pulsation significantly empowers the penetration of mainstream into the groove section; however, pulsation frequency has an important effect on this phenomenon. Moreover, Reynolds stress and root mean square of the fluctuations are presented to document turbulence statistics. In the heat transfer experiments, the positive effects of the improvement of the groove mainstream interaction and an increase in the mixing are observed. Heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop trade-off are considered by calculating the thermal performance factor. Pulsating flow remarkably augments the heat transfer from the grooved channel. However, the enhancement ability of the pulsating flow strongly depends on its frequency, F, and the value of the Reynolds number. Pulsating flow is a more effective method in low Reynolds numbers.Öğe Electrochemical behavior of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 cathode in different aqueous electrolytes(Springer, 2020) Kunduracı, Muharrem; Mutlu, Rasiha Nefise; Gizir, Ahmet MuratIn the past decade, there has been a growing interest in aqueous lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) since they are a lower cost and safer alternative to their traditional organic versions. Such interest is fueled by the need for large-scale stationary energy storage systems. The introduction of “water-in-salt” LiTFSI electrolyte has paved the way for higher voltage aqueous batteries, thereby helping their energy densities. LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC 622) is a promising cathode material for aqueous LiBs owing to its high operating voltage and lithium capacity. However, there is no report of its use in aqueous electrolytes. NMC 622 was tested in Li2SO4, LiNO3, and “water-in-salt” LiTFSI aqueous electrolytes for the first time in this study. Our results showed that NMC 622 exhibits excellent electrochemical performance in LiTFSI electrolyte reaching a maximum discharge capacity of 152 mAh g−1. On the other hand, fast capacity decay and rise in overpotential are observed in cases of nitrate and sulfate electrolytes. This study highlights the significance of electrolyte composition and states that high-nickel cathodes in “water-in-salt” LiTFSI electrolyte present promise for future aqueous LiBsÖğe Significance of surface roughness in the supercapacitor activity of nickel-based electrodes(Springer, 2021) Kunduracı, Muharrem; Çirmi, Doğan; Doğan Çalhan, Selda; Çağlayan, UğurNickel-based thin film electrodes were electrodeposited onto copper substrate using a deep eutectic solvent. The supercapacitor performance of these electrodes in alkaline KOH solution was greatly enhanced by altering surface roughness of coatings. In order to create a rougher surface, two paths were followed. In the first path, Ni-only coatings were prepared at different deposition potentials and smooth-to-rough transition in surface morphology took place at higher potentials due to increasing emission of hydrogen bubbles. In the second path, Ni-Zn binary coatings with varying zinc concentration were electrodeposited and surface roughness was formed by dealloying zinc element from the electrodes as corroborated by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy results. In both paths, noticeable improvements in the capacitance of nickel electrodes were observed upon the apperance of rougher surface. A linear relationship was discovered between cathodic peak currents and polarization values in the cyclic voltammetry scans of electrodes, possibly for the first time here in literature. The increase in polarization was explained by the decrease in electrode conductivity proved by dwindling of metallic nickel peaks in X-ray diffraction upon electrochemical testing.Öğe Effect of doping amount on capacity retention and electrolyte decomposition of LiNi0. 5Mn1. 5O4-based cathode at high temperature(Academic Press, 2022) Koçak, Tayfun; Wu, Langyuan; Uğur, Alper; Shen, Laifa; Giorgio, Francesca De; Kunduracı, MuharremThe long service life of batteries is one of the most desired parameters for the battery industry and end-users. Several doping elements have been proposed to increase discharge capacity, capacity retention, and rate capability of high voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode. In this study, two different doping elements, i.e., boron (III) and vanadium (IV), are compared to investigate the doping effect on capacity retention of LNMO-electrodes at high temperatures (50 ?) and extended cycle performance. Different doping amounts are investigated for comparison, i.e., 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 wt% for boron and 10 wt% for vanadium. The actual benefit of doping is observed over extended cycle tests (> 1000 cycles) at 50 ? and 1C. While pristine LNMO electrodes fail after 80 cycles, 10% B-doped LNMO exhibits the highest capacity retention, 80% at 50 ? and 1C after 1200 cycles. The operando differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy results reveal that LNMO electrodes show the highest amount of gas emission (H-2 and O-2) at ~ 4.7 V, where the oxidation of Ni4+/3+ and Ni3+/2+ occurs. Since high amount doping strategy increases Mn3+ amount and, consequently, the charge voltage plateau at ~4 V (Mn3+/Mn4+), this implicitly prevents electrolyte decomposition at high voltage due to decreasing of nickel voltage plateau and less charging step duration at ~ 4.7 V. This investigation shows that the cathode life remarkably can be extended by reducing the nickel content with high amount of doping.Öğe Opportunism still remained alive: conditional limits of trust and contract in software projects(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2023) Gürçaylılar Yenidoğan, Tuğba; Erdoğan, DilekPurposeBased on a survey study of 138 software buyers in Turkey, this study examines conditional indirect effects of requirements uncertainty on supplier opportunism where buyer dependence, a proxy for relation-specific investments, undertakes a mediator role. The authors consider a two-level moderation effect of trust and contract in buyer-supplier relationships throughout the software project lifecycle.Design/methodology/approachA survey-based empirical study was conducted, and conditional process analyses were run using PROCESS macro in SPSS. The present study tests a two-stage moderated mediation model in which competence-based trust with a detailed contract setting moderates the mediational path from requirements uncertainty to buyer dependence.FindingsThe data obtained from the buyer side in the Turkish software industry showed that a relationship in which the buyer is structurally dependent begins at a high level of trust. On the other hand, the authors found that contractual rigidity fosters supplier opportunism ex-post in evolving process of the relationship.Originality/valueThis study contributes to project management literature by testing a two-level moderation effect of governance and the mediator role of buyer dependence in the relationship between requirements uncertainty and supplier opportunism. Moving differently from the previous studies, this study integrates contributions of both economic perspectives, such as resource dependence theory and transaction cost analysis, and relational perspectives into the information processing view.Öğe Friction and wear characteristics of bismuth selenide topological insulator(Elsevier, 2023) Uzun, Utku; Lamuta, Caterina; Yetmez, MehmetSingle crystal Bi2Se3 was grown using the novel Bridgeman-Stockbarger method. Surface characteristics in terms of wear rate (W), wear coefficient (K), coefficient of friction (COF), and strain hardening exponent (n) were investigated using nanoindentation and nano scratch techniques. Our results revealed that the remarkable wear properties of single-crystal Bi2Se3 are promising for nanoscale design of topological insulators.Öğe Correction to: Analytical Guidance for Mars Aerocapture via Drag Modulation(Springer, 2022) Cihan, İbrahim Halil; Kluever, Craig A.Aerocapture is a maneuver where a spacecraft makes a single pass through a planetary atmosphere, thus using aerodynamic drag to deplete enough energy to establish a captured orbit. A new analytical predictor-corrector guidance algorithm has been developed for the Mars aerocapture problem. This paper presents a drag-modulation method where ballistic coefcient is continuously adjusted in order to control the vehicle during the atmospheric fight phase. An analytical function for velocity during aerocapture serves as the basis for the guidance method, and this expression results in a closed-form control law for ballistic coefcient. Guidance periodically updates the velocity profle so that the correct exit conditions are achieved. The ballistic coefcient control law utilizes the ratio of the measured and reference drag accelerations to improve the targeting accuracy of the guidance scheme. Two diferent apoapsis-targeting scenarios for Mars aerocapture are investigated in this paper. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the performance and robustness of the proposed guidance algorithm.Öğe Avionics System Development for a Rotary Wing Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Bakırcı, Murat; Özer, Muhammed MiraçThis study covers the avionics system design for an unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) that can successfully detect and lock down rival unmanned aerial vehicle targets as many times as possible in air-to-air combat. With the artificial intelligence (AI) supported development board and high resolution/wide-angle camera on it, easy detection of competitor systems is provided. The captured images and flight data are processed with the AI-algorithm working on the developer kit with 48 tensor cores on it. Moreover, flight telemetry data is transmitted to the ground station at a range of 40 km, end-to-end encrypted and with low latency. Through 2.4 GHz radio frequency control, manual control can also be performed in an encrypted way and at a sufficient distance. Designed as a hexacopter, the UCAV can also avoid locking up of counter-unmanned systems with its high maneuverability. As a result of the proper design of the avionics and electrical system architecture, it can perform different tasks such as snapshot and data transfer, as well as being able to fly fully autonomously.Öğe Turizm Nöropazarlamasında Bilişsel Aktivite Ölçüm Yöntemlerinin Kullanımına Yönelik Bir Betimsel Analiz(Dergipark, 2022) Akın, AkpurTurizm genellikle soyut kavramlar üzerine pazarlama faaliyetlerini gösteren bir endüstridir. Ancak geleneksel pazarlama araştırmaları tüketicilerin bilinç düzeyinde verdiği cevaplar üzerine kurgulanmakta ve bu durum yanıltıcı sonuçlar elde edilmesine neden olabilir. Nöropazarlama ise tüketicilerin genişletilmiş ve yüksek doğruluklu bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı turizm alanında nöropazarlama araştırmalarında bilişsel aktivitelerin ölçülmesine yönelik veri sağlayan Elektroensefelografi (EEG) ve fonksiyonel yakın kızıl ötesi spektroskopisi (fNIRS) yöntemlerinin uygulama alanlarını değerlendirilmesidir. Bu bağlamda nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden betimsel analiz yapılarak veriler raporlanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre EEG ve fNIRS yöntemleri pazarlama çalışmalarında kullanım sayısı artış göstermekle beraber yüksek maliyet, zaman ve mekân gibi kısıtlarından dolayı turizm alanında son derece az tercih edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte turizm alanında yapılacak nöropazarlama çalışmalarındaki artış pazarlama faaliyetlerine ve tüketicilere geniş bir bakış açısı sağlayabilirÖğe Synergistic Coupling of High Capacity Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 and High Voltage LiMn1.6Ni0.4O4 Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes(Springer, 2022) Kunduracı, Muharrem; Buluttekin, Rojbin; Mutlu, Rasiha Nefise; Gizir, Ahmet MuratManganese-based cathode materials are good alternatives to nickel-based layered cathodes in lithium-ion batteries due to the much cheaper cost of manganese ores. Coprecipitation is a popular method to produce precursor materials for lithium-ion batteries since its versatility enables the synthesis of a wide range of compositions with various architectures. In this study, spherical 2-mu m to 4-mu m-diameter binary Mn0.8Ni0.2CO3 and ternary Mn4/6Ni1/6Co1/6CO3 precursor materials were synthesized by tuning synthesis conditions including temperature, feeding mode and reagent quantity. The binary and ternary precursor materials were mixed and reacted with Li2CO3 at 800 degrees C to obtain LiMn1.6Ni0.4O4 and Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 cathode materials, respectively. LiMn1.6Ni0.4O4 had a discharge capacity of 132 mAh g(-1) and exhibited excellent cycle life and voltage retention. On the other hand, 221 mAh g(-1) discharge capacity was achieved with Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 , but it showed a fast capacity and voltage decay. A hybrid electrode made of 50:50 wt% of both cathodes yielded 166 mAh g(-1) capacity and 3.95 V average discharge voltage with much reduced voltage decay and capacity fading rate, thereby mitigating each other's weakness in the process.
