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    A combined process of chemical precipitation and aerobic membrane bioreactor for treatment of citric acid wastewater
    (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Belibagli, Pinar; Isik, Zelal; Bouras, Hadj Daoud; Arslan, Hudaverdi; Dizge, Nadir
    The wastewater generated from citric acid production has a high organic loading content. The treatment and reuse of citric acid wastewater with high organic loading become extremely important. In this study, the performance of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) precipitation as a low-cost and environmentally friendly pre-treatment method and aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) combined treatment system was investigated for the treatment of citric acid (CA) wastewater. At the first step, optimization parameters such as agitation speed (100, 150, 200 rpm), temperature (30, 50, 70 degrees C), and reaction time (2, 4, 6 h) for Ca(OH)2 precipitation as a pre-treatment method were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) to achieve maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Experimental sets were designed using Box-Behnken Design. As a result of pre-treatment with Ca(OH)2 precipitation, a COD removal efficiency of 97.3% was obtained. Then, pre-treated CA wastewater was fed continuously to the MBR process for 10 days, which was the second stage of the combined process. As a result of the MBR process, 92.0% COD removal efficiency was obtained for 24 h HRT and 10 days SRT. In total, 99.8% COD removal efficiency was obtained when combined process was used and COD concentration decreased from 52,000-114 mg/L. For the treatment and reuse of wastewater from citric acid production, Ca(OH)2 precipitation and MBR combined treatment systems demonstrated an effective strategy.
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    A hybrid process for leachate wastewater treatment: Evaporation and reverse osmosis/sequencing batch reactor
    (Wiley, 2022) Bouchareb, Raouf; Isik, Zelal; Ozay, Yasin; Karagunduz, Ahmet; Keskinler, Bulent; Dizge, Nadir
    In this study, a hybrid process for leachate wastewater treatment including evaporation and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane or biological treatment systems was suggested. Experiments were performed on a real landfill leachate wastewater. The leachate was subjected to evaporation; as a result, a distillate was obtained containing less organic matter and less substantial amounts of other pollutants, as ammonium salts and total phenols were removed. Tests were carried out at different evaporation temperatures and times. The initial leachate pH was adjusted and optimized. For optimum conditions, each of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phenol, and ammonium salt concentrations were reduced to 99.99%, 95.00%, and 83.00%, respectively. The distillate of the first stage of the proposed process was then exposed to RO membrane system, as a first study, under different transmembrane pressure of 20, 30, and 40 bar and at different pH values of 7, 8, and 9. As a second suggested treatment system, the distillate was subjected to a biological treatment process for 30 days as a retention time, pH = 6, and room temperature 25 degrees C +/- 1 degrees C. At the end of the research study, a comparison was conducted between results obtained with RO membrane separation and biological treatment system as two distinct treatment systems proposed for leachate landfill wastewater treatment. Although both systems were effective for landfill leachate wastewater treatment, however, with the RO membrane separation system, COD removal efficiency reached 99.99%. In the other hand, with biological treatment process, COD elimination was as much as 90.00%. Certainly, evaporation and RO are not novel ways of landfill leachate treatment; however, few studies have attempted to use similar combined system for landfill leachate wastewater treatment and attained effective results of treated water. Practitioner Points A hybrid process of evaporation and RO membrane or biological treatment systems was suggested for leachate wastewater treatment. For optimum conditions, COD, total phenols, and ammonium salt reductions were achieved to 99.99%, 95%, and 83%, respectively, after the first evaporation stage. The distillate of the first stage of the proposed process was then exposed to RO membrane system and biological treatment system. Different transmembrane pressure and different pH values were optimized for RO.
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    A novel green approach for Cr(VI) removal: application of tomato stem-based hydrochar assisted Fenton-like process
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Alterkaoui, Aya; Belibagli, Pinar; Gun, Melis; Isik, Zelal; Eskikaya, Ozan; Yabalak, Erdal; Dizge, Nadir
    Environmentally friendly catalysts have come to the forefront due to the cost of chemically produced catalysts and the formation of by-products harmful to the environment. Millions of tons of plant waste are produced every year, some of which is disposed directly. In this study, tomato stem hydrochar (TSCH) was produced from waste tomato stems by the hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) method, and its use as a catalyst was investigated. The optimisation of Cr(VI) removal from water was carried out using a Fenton-like process with a TSCH catalyst and resulted in 100% of Cr(VI) removal efficiency at 10 mg/L of Cr(VI) concentration, pH 2.00, 0.2 g/L of TSCH catalyst, 10 mu L/L of H2O2 and 60 minutes of reaction time. Fenton-like thermodynamic and kinetic data were analyzed, and the results were found to comply with the second-order in Cr(VI) removal. The reusability of the TSCH catalyst in Cr(VI) removal was investigated and it was emphasized that it was reusable for more than 5 uses. In conclusion, TSCH, which is an environmentally friendly, inexpensive and effective catalyst for Cr(VI) treatment in a Fenton-like process, can be used as an alternative catalyst for wastewater treatment in terms of both waste management and economic and environmentally friendly.
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    Adsorption and Fenton oxidation of azo dyes by magnetite nanoparticles deposited on a glass substrate
    (Elsevier, 2019) Unal, Bahar Ozbey; Bilici, Zeynep; Ugur, Naz; Isik, Zelal; Harputlu, Ersan; Dizge, Nadir; Ocakoglu, Kasim
    Fenton oxidation is an efficient and useful method for wastewater treatment. To increase overall reaction efficiencies and inhibit environmental impacts, developing advanced catalysts are crucial in this matter. The main goal of this study was to investigate the catalytic activity of the magnetite (Fe2+Fe23+O42-, FeFe2O4, or Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) coated borosilicate glass on the color removal of basic red 18 (BR18) and acid red 8 (AR88) azo dyes by adsorption and Fenton oxidation reaction. The efficiency of powder magnetite NPs was also tested to compare to magnetite NPs coated borosilicate glass. The effect of solution pH (2.5-9.0), catalyst loading (0.25-3.0 g/L), and dye concentration (0.1-0.3 mM) were tested to achieve maximum color removal efficiency using powder magnetite NPs. The color removal efficiencies were measured 44% at pH 9.0 and 76% at pH 3.5 for adsorption and Fenton oxidation of BR18 dye (0.1 mM). Moreover, the color removal efficiencies were measured 81% at pH 3.5 and 100% at pH 6.0 for adsorption and Fenton oxidation of AR88 dye (0.1 mM). The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration (2.5-25 mM) was also optimized and 10 mM was found optimum H2O2 dosage for Fenton oxidation. However, magnetite NPs coated borosilicate glass enhanced maximum 77% and 82% color removal efficiencies for adsorption and Fenton oxidation of BR18 dye. Maximum 86% and 100% color removal efficiencies were obtained for adsorption and Fenton oxidation of AR88 dye. Stability of the powder magnetite NPs and magnetite NPs coated borosilicate glass catalyst was also investigated. The reusability of the catalyst showed that magnetite NPs coated borosilicate glass could be used at least 3 times without significant loss of activity compared to powder magnetite NPs for Fenton oxidation. The characterization of the catalyst was carried out using scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and zeta potential analyses before and after adsorption.
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    Fabrication of Ag nanoparticles coated leonardite basalt ceramic membrane with improved antimicrobial properties for DNA cleavage, E. coli removal and antibiofilm effects
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2023) Saleh, Mohammed; Isik, Zelal; Belibagli, Pinar; Arslan, Hudaverdi; Gonca, Serpil; Ozdemir, Sadin; Kudaibergenov, Nurbolat
    This study aimed to fabricate a novel, low-cost, and environmental-friendly ceramic membrane based on basalt and leonardite powders via press and sintering methods. The fabricated leonardite basalt ceramic membrane (LBCM) was coated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs); to create an antibacterial surface. The capabilities of the bare and coated membranes were examined. In this context, water permeability reached 554 +/- 2.61 and 447 +/- 1.21 L/m2hbar for bare LBCM and AgNPs-coated LBCM, respectively. The fabricated membranes indicated 100% Escherichia coli (E. coli) removal efficiency at a transmembrane pressure of 0.5 bar. The solid surface antimicrobial activity of the LBCM and AgNPs-coated LBCM reached 26.38% and 100%, respectively. The LBCM and AgNPs-coated LBCM were analyzed for the in-vitro 2,2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant. Accordingly, AgNPs-coated LBCM exhibited higher antioxidant activities than raw LBCM. The scavenging capacity reached 83.91% with AgNPs-coated LBCM, while only 58.95% was achieved with raw LBCM, indicating that AgNPs-coated LBCM was better than bare LBCM from an antioxidant activities perspective. AgNPs-coated LBCM had a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cleavage activity (single-strand DNA cleavage activity at 50 mg/L and double-strand DNA cleavage activity at 100 and 200 mg/L). In contrast, the raw LBCM did not exhibit DNA cleavage activity at any concentration. AgNPs-coated LBCM showed higher antimicrobial activities (minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) were 32 mg/L against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and 64 mg/L against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis), and Enterococcus hirae (E. hirae)). The biofilm inhibition of LBCM and AgNPs-coated LBCM powders was tested against S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The maximum S. aureus inhabitations by LBCM and AgNPcoated LBCM were 60.34% and 99.12%, respectively. The inhabitation of P. aeruginosa increased from 52.38% before coating to 96.37% at the end of the coating process. Regarding E.coli microbial cell viability inhibition, LBCM powders and AgNPs-coated LBCM powders were found to inhibit E. coli growth by 68.35% and 100%, respectively. (c) 2023 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Hydrothermal Synthesis of Waste Black Tea Pulp and Tomato Stem Hydrochars and Comparison of Their Adsorption Performance of Safranin Dye
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2023) Alterkaoui, Aya; Belibagli, Pinar; Gun, Melis; Isik, Zelal; Dizge, Nadir; Yabalak, Erdal
    In this study, hydrochar prepared from black tea (BT) and tomato stem (TS) using subcritical water (SW) conditions was used as an adsorbent for color removal from Safranin-O (SO-Basic Red 2) dye wastewater. The use of black tea hydrochar (BTH) and tomato stem hydrochar (TSH) was investigated in the removal of Safranin-O dye from aqueous solutions by the adsorption process. In optimization studies, variables impacting the adsorption process such as adsorbent size, pH, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and shaking time were examined. As a result of optimization studies, removal efficiencies of 85.15% for BTH and 81.5% for TSH were achieved. In this study, the reuse cycle was also examined. Adsorption isotherm models, adsorption kinetic models, and thermodynamic studies have been studied to explain the relationships between the adsorption processes taking place. Data appropriate for the Freundlich and D-R isotherm models as well as the PSO kinetic model were obtained for TSH while defining the Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model for BTH.
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    Nanocellulose synthesis from Tamarix aphylla and preparation of hybrid nanocellulose composites membranes with investigation of antioxidant and antibacterial effects
    (Elsevier, 2022) M'barek, Islem; Isik, Zelal; Ozay, Yasin; Ozdemir, Sadin; Tollu, Gulsah; Moussaoui, Younes; Dizge, Nadir
    Nanotechnology takes place in almost every stage of our lives and it has also started to find application in membrane technologies. In order to overcome the fouling phenomenon, which is the main problem of membrane processes, composite membranes containing metallic nanoparticles (NPs) with antibacterial properties are produced. Therefore, research continues to find environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and abundant materials to prevent membrane fouling. This study focused on the valorization of vegetable biomass Tamarix aphylla for nanocellulose (NC) synthesis which was coated subsequently with silver (NC-Ag NPs) and iron (NC-Fe NPs) nanoparticles to acquire the hybrid composites for ultrafiltration membrane preparation. The coated NC with metal NPs and synthesized membranes were characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of NC and its coated forms with NPs were evaluated. It was found that significant scavenging abilities against the DPPH radical reached the maximum of 82.94% at 200 mg/L. The abilities of the three samples (NC, NC-Ag NPs, NC-Fe NPs) for DNA cleavage were tested and important outcomes were recorded. Furthermore, the antimicrobial abilities of the composites were examined by the microdilution procedure and they exhibited good ability. The biofilm inhibition rates of the composites were determined, where the highest biofilm inhibition against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was recorded for NC-Ag NPs as 63.85% and 81.20%, respectively. Briefly, among the tested NC and NPs coated NC, NC-Fe NPs exhibited significant antimicrobial potential compared to the others. Thus, it may be promising hybrid nanocellulose complexes for antifouling membrane preparation.
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    Optimization of chromium (VI) reduction in aqueous solution using magnetic Fe3O4 sludge resulting from electrocoagulation process
    (Public Library Science, 2024) Belibagli, Pinar; Isik, Zelal; Dizge, Nadir; Balakrishnan, Deepanraj; Afzal, Abdul Rahman; Akram, Muhammad
    The reuse of electro-coagulated sludge as an adsorbent for Cr(VI) ion reduction was investigated in this study. Electro-coagulated sludge was obtained during the removal of citric acid wastewater by the electrocoagulation process. The following parameters were optimized for Cr(VI) reduction: pH (5-7), initial Cr(VI) concentration (10-50 mg/L), contact time (10-45 min), and adsorbent dosage (0.5-1.5 g/L). Cr(VI) reduction optimization reduction experimental sets were designed using response surface design. Cr(VI) reduction optimization results 97.0% removal efficiency and 15.1 mg/g adsorption capacity were obtained at pH 5.0, 1.5 g/L electro-coagulated Fe3O4 sludge, 10 mg/L initial Cr(VI) concentration and 45 min reaction time. According to the isotherm results, the experimental data are compatible with the Freundlich isotherm model, and since it is defined by the pseudo-second order model emphasizes that the driving forces of the Cr(VI) reduction process are rapid transfer of Cr(VI) to the adsorbent surface. The reusability of the adsorbent was investigated and Cr(VI) reduction was achieved at a high rate even in the 5th cycle. All these results clearly show that electro-coagulated Fe3O4 sludge is an effective, inexpensive adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater.
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    Preparation of ZnO nanorods or SiO2 nanoparticles grafted onto basalt ceramic membrane and the use for E. coli removal from water
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Saleh, Mohammed; Gonca, Serpil; Isik, Zelal; Ozay, Yasin; Harputlu, Ersan; Ozdemir, Sadin; Yalvac, Mutlu
    This article addresses the fabrication of a novel and eco-friendly ceramic membrane based on basalt powder via press and sintering methods with a pore size of 1.5-2 mu m. The basalt ceramic membrane (BCM) was grafted by SiO2 nanoparticles (50-60 nm) and ZnO nanorods (2.2 mu m). The water permeability for the prepared membranes was measured 345.3, 701.4, and 801.9 L/m(2) h bar for bare BCM, SiO2-BCM, and ZnO-BCM, respectively. The prepared membranes were used in Escherichia coli (E. coli) removal, and 100% E. coli removal efficiency was achieved at a transmembrane pressure of 0.5 bar for all membranes. The antimicrobial activities of the solid surfaces for BCM, SiO2-BCM, and ZnO-BCM were also studied using E. coli as a model test microorganisms. The antimicrobial activities for bare BCM, SiO2-BCM, and ZnO-BCM were 20.57%, 74.90%, and 100%, respectively. The results are of great importance in terms of the reusability of membranes and the prevention of biofilm formation in wastewater treatment processes.
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    Reuse of waste welding powder in Fenton-like process for RO16 dye removal and Cr(VI) reduction
    (Springer, 2024) Bulut, Hande; Eskikaya, Ozan; Belibagli, Pinar; Isik, Zelal; Arslan, Hudaverdi; Dizge, Nadir
    Waste minimization is one of the important issued nowadays. In this study, the usability of waste welding powders (WWPs) was investigated in the Fenton-like process for Cr(VI) and reactive orange 16 (RO16) dye removal from aqueous solution. Solution pH, amount of catalyst, amount of H2O2, initial pollutants concentrations, reaction time and temperature parameters were optimized. 100% RO16 dye removal efficiency was obtained at pH: 2, dye concentration: 100 mg/L, catalyst amount: 1 g/L, and H2O2 amount: 2.5 & mu;L/L. Besides, 99.7% Cr(VI) removal efficiency was obtained at pH: 2, Cr(VI) concentration: 10 mg/L, catalyst amount: 0.25 g/L, and H2O2 amount: 2.5 & mu;L/L. In addition, the characterization of WWP was also carried out by SEM, EDX, XRD, XRF, and zeta potential analyses. WWP can be considered to be a viable catalyst for both dye and Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. WWP's effectiveness was also tested in real wastewater. As a result of the experiments with real wastewater, 100% removal efficiency was obtained both textile wastewater for 60 min and Cr(VI) containing wastewater for 45 min. These results have revealed that WWP is a promising catalyst for the treatment of real wastewater.
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    Synthesis of Rhombic Dodecahedral Cuprous Oxide Nanoparticles and Investigation of Biological Activity
    (Springer, 2022) Kucukosman, Ridvan; Isik, Zelal; Ozdemir, Sadin; Gonca, Serpil; Ocakoglu, Kasim; Dizge, Nadir
    The rhombic dodecahedral cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized with the morphology-controlled one-pot solution-phase technique and several biological activities were investigated. The structural and elemental properties of Cu2O NPs were determined by SEM-EDX and XRD. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, DNA interaction, and biofilm inhibition activities were determined by using DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelating, microdilution, agarose gel electrophoresis, and crystal violet methods, respectively. The newly synthesized copper nanoparticle showed excellent DPPH and iron-chelating activities as 100% at 200 mg/L concentration. It showed good DNA cleavage activity at all concentrations. Cu2O NP had good antibacterial activity against all tested microorganisms. Biofilm inhibition percentage of Cu2O NP was determined as 86.3% at 500 mg/L. The cell viability assay demonstrated that the Cu2O NP showed 100% cell viability inhibition at all concentrations. Generally, owing to the biological active nature of the synthesized copper nanoparticle, these synthesized Cu2O NPs can be used as a therapeutic and antioxidant agent.
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    Use of welding powder as a low-cost adsorbent for waste motor oil removal
    (Wiley, 2024) Eskikaya, Ozan; Belibagli, Pinar; Bouchareb, Raouf; Isik, Zelal; Dizge, Nadir
    Waste motor oil (WMO), which has no stable form or structure, causes major environmental problems and damage to the ecosystem once it is disposed to the environment. Because of the high toxicity of contents in such effluent, it must be treated before being discharged into the receiving environment. In recent years, the valorization and the use of waste materials to remove toxic pollutants is of great importance to researchers and diverse industries. In this study, the usability of waste welding powder (WWP) as an adsorbent for waste oil removal was investigated. For this purpose, investigating the usability of material, which is generated as industrial waste, in wastewater treatment will lead to the evaluation of waste. The effects of temperature, pH, WWP amount, and initial WMO amount were investigated. According to the adsorption studies, 1 g WWP/L of the processed adsorbent was able to effectively remove 95.05% of WMO (100 mg) at a pH of 2 at 30 degrees C. Stereo microscopy images showed a large amount of oil adsorbed on the WWP surface. The different WWP properties were determined by adsorption isotherm (Harkins-Jura), kinetic (pseudo-second order), and thermodynamic (Delta G: -5.1 kJ mol-1) experiments. It is thought that WWP, which is a low-cost and waste material, can be used as a promising adsorbent in WMO removal. Wastewater containing waste motor oil (WMO) has high toxicity and must be treated before being discharged into the receiving environment. Weld powders (WWP) are the most suitable candidate for WMO removal due to their advantages such as low cost and easy separation. According to the experimental results, a removal efficiency of 95% shows that WWP can be used as a promising adsorbent in WMO removal. image