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    Electrospun nanofiber mats caged the mammalian macrophages on their surfaces and prevented their inflammatory responses independent of the fiber diameter
    (Nature Portfolio, 2024) Ayaz, Furkan; Demir, Didem; Bölgen, Nimet
    Poly-?-caprolactone (PCL) has been widely used as biocompatible materials in tissue engineering. They have been used in mammalian cell proliferation to polarization and differentiation. Their modified versions had regulatory activities on mammalian macrophages in vitro. There are also studies suggesting different nanofiber diameters might alter the biological activities of these materials. Based on these cues, we examined the inflammatory activities and adherence properties of mammalian macrophages on electrospun PCL nanofibrous scaffolds formed with PCL having different nanofiber diameters. Our results suggest that macrophages could easily attach and get dispersed on the scaffolds. Macrophages lost their inflammatory cytokine TNF and IL6 production capacity in the presence of LPS when they were incubated on nanofibers. These effects were independent of the mean fiber diameters. Overall, the scaffolds have potential to be used as biocompatible materials to suppress excessive inflammatory reactions during tissue and organ transplantation by caging and suppressing the inflammatory cells.
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    Hierarchical Integration of 3D Printing and Electrospinning of Nanofibers for Rapid Prototyping
    (Springer International Publishing, 2022) Vaseashta, Ashok; Demir, Didem; Sakım, Burcu; A Ş Ik, Müge; Bölgen, Nimet
    Electrospinning is an effective and versatile technique used to produce porous structures ranging from submicron to nanometer diameters. Using a variety of high-performance polymers and blends, several porous structure configurations have become possible for applications in tactile sensing, energy harvesting, filtration, and biomedical applications, however, the structures lack mechanical complexity, conformity, and desired three-dimensional single/multi-material constructs necessary to mimic desired structures. A simple, yet versatile, strategy is through employing digitally-controlled fabrication of shape-morphing by combining two promising technologies, viz., electrospinning and 3D printing/additive manufacturing. Using hierarchical integration of configurations, elaborate shapes and patterns are printed on mesostructured stimuli-responsive electrospun membranes, modulating in-plane and interlayer internal stresses induced by swelling/shrinkage mismatch, and thus guiding morphing behaviors of electrospun membranes to adapt to changes of the environment. Recent progress in 3D/4D printing/additive manufacturing processes includes materials and scaffold constructs for tactile and wearable sensors, filtration structures, sensors for structural health monitoring, biomedical scaffolds, tissue engineering, and optical patterning, among many other applications to support the vision of synthetically prepared material systems that mimic many of the structural aspects with digital precision.Anovel technology called 3Djet writingwas recently reported that catapults electrospinning to adaptive technologies for the manufacturing of scaffolds according to user-defined specifications of the shape and size of both the pores and the overall geometric footprint. This chapter reviews the hierarchical synergy between electrospinning and 3D printing as part of precision micromanufacturing for rapid prototyping of structures that are likely to evolve next-generation structures into reality. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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    Integrating 3D Printing and Electrospinning to Fabricate Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration
    (CRC Press, 2024) Demir, Didem; Vaseashta, Ashok; Bölgen, Nimet
    Bone tissue engineering (BTE) aims to induce tissue regeneration through synergizing scaffolds, cells, and growth factors. As the main component of BTE, scaffolds produced traditionally using particulate leaching and solvent casting, freeze-drying, electrospinning, 3D printing/additive manufacturing, and phase separation should ideally mimic the natural structure of bone by exhibiting certain biological, mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. Moreover, traditional techniques should be manipulated or combined with modern technologies to provide the desired physicochemical properties. Among the traditional manufacturing methodologies, electrospinning and 3D printing produce materials with a wide variety of applications due to their unique properties. Therefore, combining these two techniques is an important breakthrough in improving the final properties of scaffolds: The 3D printing makes it possible to construct scaffolds that will fill complex bone defects, while electrospinning produces micro- and nanostructured fibers that provide a suitable microenvironment for regenerating and facilitating bone. First, we present information about the general principles, concepts, and applications of BTE. Then, we introduce modified methods and BTE applications of hybrid systems involving both 3D printing and electrospinning. Finally, we summarize the future direction, the issues that need to be improved or developed, and the surrounding challenges. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Ashok Kumar, Sneha Singh, and Prerna Singh; individual chapters, the contributors.
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    Introduction and Fundamentals of Electrospinning
    (Springer International Publishing, 2022) Bölgen, Nimet; Demir, Didem; Aşık, Müge; Sakım, Burcu; Vaseashta, Ashok
    Electrospinning is an effective and versatile technique used to produce continuous fibers from submicron down to nanometer diameters. The produced nanofibers from polymer solutions or melts have been a focus of interest as they have many potential applications in energy conversion and storage, environmental, biomedical, and pharmacological area. In addition, new application areas are created by functionalizing the produced nanofibers with different features as antimicrobial, conductive, responsive to stimulus, and biomimetic properties. Conventional electrospinning setup can be modified for large-scale and continuous production by integration with developing technologies. In this chapter, firstly, history, process theory, and basic principles of electrospinning are summarized. Then, the latest developed technologies related to electrospinning, functionalization routes to add superior features to the nanofibrous materials, and remarkable application areas of electrospun nanofibers are presented. Finally, future trends in the electrospinning area are discussed. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.