Köse, ErcanCoşkun, Serdar2025-03-172025-03-1720202148-2683https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.717872https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/yayin/detay/363317https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13099/956In this study, a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm-based Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller is proposed forthe Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) system terminal tracking problem in the existence of time-delay and varying loads. AVR is acommonly used electronic device for maintaining generator output terminal voltage at a given reference under time-delays and varyingload thus introduces a challenging electrical system problem. Time-delays exist in many real-world systems due to the lags intransmission and transport, in general, they have a negative effect on the stability and control design. For analysis, the time delay in isapproximated by Padé approximation leading to the so-called nonminimum phase system. A nonminimum phase system represents thedifficulty of controlling due to its zeroes in the right half side of the s-plane. To this aim, we utilize a PID controller, its design andapplication widely studied in real-time systems, thus it is a suitable selection for the AVR system. The optimal controller gains,namely, proportional Kp, integral Ki, and derivative Kd are found with the proposed PSO algorithm based on a commonly used errorminimization objective function. The PSO-based optimal PID controller’s performance is analyzed with several methods including rootlocus, bode analysis, robustness, and disturbance rejection. It is demonstrated that the proposed PID controller improves the referenceterminal voltage tracking performance of the AVR system. According to the obtained results, it has been revealed that the proposedPSO-based PID controller improves tracking properties under time-delay and load change thus it can be effectively used for synchronousgenerator automatic voltage regulator system terminal voltage stability.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessMühendislikElektrik ve ElektronikBilgisayar BilimleriTeori ve MetotlarArticle10.31590/ejosat.717872018981991363317