Toktas, AbdurrahimUstun, DenizErdogan, Nursev2025-03-172025-03-1720201568-49461872-9681https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106696https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13099/2257A three-dimensional objective space (3DOS) optimization strategy using an enhanced multi-objective artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm for the design optimization of layered radar absorbing material (LRAM) is presented in this study. The multi-objective exploitation ability of ABC is improved with regard to the convergence and diversity by integrating a pioneer Pareto (PP) solution to the onlooker bee phase, which is selected from the Pareto optimal set. Initially, the performance of PP-ABC is successfully verified by a comparison with ABC and the well-known multi-objective counterparts like particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential evolution (DE) algorithms. The comparison is carried out through five multi-objective benchmark functions with respect to three favorable and reliable multi-objective indicators such as hypervolume (HV), HV ratio and Pareto sets proximity (PSP). The employed three objective functions to be the dimensions of 3DOS are weighted bandwidth-based total reflection coefficient involving sub-reflection waves of a wide oblique incident angular range 0 degrees-75 degrees, the total thickness and the number of layers. By using PP-ABC, a 3D designed LRAM operating at a large frequency band of 2-18 GHz is then designed for synchronously minimizing the three objective vectors by finding out the design variables: thickness and material types. Meanwhile, the material types of the proposed LRAM are optimally picked up from a composite material database with 51 specimens from 9 previously reported studies (51 /9#database). In order to point out the effectiveness of the proposed 3DOS optimization strategy, three LRAMs are also compared with respective reported designs whose material type is selected from a database with 6 specimens (6/1#database). The results show that the proposed LRAMs are hence the global optimal designs in terms of all objective functions thanks to the proposed 3DOS optimization strategy based on PP-ABC. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessMetaheuristic optimization algorithmMulti-objective optimizationEnhanced algorithmPareto optimalityRadar absorbing material (RAM)Layered RAMArticle10.1016/j.asoc.2020.10669696Q1WOS:0005827620000972-s2.0-85090717384Q1