Demir, DidemVaseashta, AshokBölgen, Nimet2025-03-172025-03-172024978-104008861-6978-103230927-9https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003307310-5https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13099/1432Bone tissue engineering (BTE) aims to induce tissue regeneration through synergizing scaffolds, cells, and growth factors. As the main component of BTE, scaffolds produced traditionally using particulate leaching and solvent casting, freeze-drying, electrospinning, 3D printing/additive manufacturing, and phase separation should ideally mimic the natural structure of bone by exhibiting certain biological, mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. Moreover, traditional techniques should be manipulated or combined with modern technologies to provide the desired physicochemical properties. Among the traditional manufacturing methodologies, electrospinning and 3D printing produce materials with a wide variety of applications due to their unique properties. Therefore, combining these two techniques is an important breakthrough in improving the final properties of scaffolds: The 3D printing makes it possible to construct scaffolds that will fill complex bone defects, while electrospinning produces micro- and nanostructured fibers that provide a suitable microenvironment for regenerating and facilitating bone. First, we present information about the general principles, concepts, and applications of BTE. Then, we introduce modified methods and BTE applications of hybrid systems involving both 3D printing and electrospinning. Finally, we summarize the future direction, the issues that need to be improved or developed, and the surrounding challenges. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Ashok Kumar, Sneha Singh, and Prerna Singh; individual chapters, the contributors.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessBook Part10.1201/9781003307310-564842-s2.0-85199844531N/A