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    A new perspective to environmental degradation: the linkages between higher education and CO2emissions
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Eyuboglu, Kemal; Uzar, Umut
    Although there have been many studies, focusing on basic determinants of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), the effect of higher education, which has the potential to be an important determinant of CO2, has been neglected. The paper aims to display the potential mechanisms between higher education and CO(2)and expand the environmental economics literature. In the paper, the trade-off between higher education and CO(2)is tested by autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) during the period 1983-2017 in Turkey. Results denote that cointegration exists and an increase in higher education negatively affects CO2. We also find that economic growth and energy consumption positively affect CO(2)both in the long run and short run. Vector error correction model (VECM) reveals that higher education, economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, and exchange rates are the causes of CO(2)in the long run. Also, energy consumption and economic growth are the causes of CO(2)in the short run. Therefore, higher education can be used to overcome environmental problems.
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    Asymmetric causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth: fresh evidence from some emerging countries
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Eyuboglu, Kemal; Uzar, Umut
    Renewable energy is an important alternative energy source in terms of both sustainable growth and climate change. In this paper, the causality nexus between renewable energy consumption and economic growth is analyzed in 15 emerging countries covering the period from 1990 to 2015. The paper adopts the bootstrap panel causality test which is developed by (Konya, Econ Model 23:978-992, 2006) to consider the cross-sectional dependence. The results of (Konya, Econ Model 23:978-992, 2006) prove the validity of the neutrality hypothesis in all countries. Then, we analyze asymmetric causality among the variables. Asymmetric test denotes a causality from negative shocks of economic growth to negative shocks of renewable energy consumption in South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey. Thus, a negative shock in economic growth hampers renewable energy consumption in these countries. Our results demonstrate the consequences of the application of disaggregated data in the analyses.
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    Causal inference of financial development and institutional quality across the globe
    (Elsevier, 2023) Uzar, Umut; Eyuboglu, Kemal; Akdag, Saffet; Alola, Andrew Adewale
    The world has experienced increased integration of economic activities in the last decades, thus necessitating the unending examination of the responsible factors. In this case, the causal connection between institutional quality and financial development in 102 countries during the period 1990-2016 is examined. Beyond examining this relationship for the entire countries, the countries are further divided into four different income groups (low-income, lower-middle income, upper-middle income, and high-income countries). By employing empirical method that accounts for country-specific factors in the panel, the result of the study demonstrates bidirectional causality between institutional quality and financial development in the whole panel. In terms of country-income groups, the evidence of the study designates that there is two-way causality between institutional quality and financial development in upper-middle income and high-income countries. Moreover, no causality relationship is found in low-income and lower-middle income countries. These results provide policy guide on the effective way of promoting foreign direct investment across the globe.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. THis is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/license/by/4.0/)
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    Democracies use more renewable energy
    (Wiley, 2024) Uzar, Umut; Eyuboglu, Kemal
    In his groundbreaking study titled 'Democracies Pay Higher Wages', Rodrik emphasized that democracies provide higher wage levels. So, can democracies also be functional in solving other problems that benefit society? In recent years, the aggravation of the environmental crisis has made the use of renewable energy more important. Although there has been an increasing interest in the determinants of renewable energy, the theoretical connections and empirical evidence between democracy and renewable energy are almost nonexistent. With this motivation, this study examines the main determinants of renewable energy in the United States during 1970-2020, assigning a specific role to democracy. The main finding of the study indicates that democracy promotes the widespread use of renewable energy. Similarly, economic growth increases renewable energy. Otherwise, the effects of both CO2 emissions and trade openness on renewable energy are negative. Policymakers have the opportunity to improve both democracy and renewable energy.
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    Do natural resources heal the environment? Empirical evidence from Turkey
    (Springer, 2021) Uzar, Umut; Eyuboglu, Kemal
    The increase in environmental degradation has rapidly enhanced the interest in the main determinants of CO(2)emissions. Although many attempts have been exerted to discover the determinants of CO(2)emissions, the impact of natural resources (NAT), which have significant environmental impacts on CO(2)emissions, has been considerably neglected. To fulfill this gap in the literature, the study analyzes the impact of NAT on CO(2)emissions covering the period 1975-2017 in Turkey. In addition, economic growth, renewable energy consumption, trade openness, and energy consumption are added in the model as explanatory variables. Findings from ARDL, FMOLS, and DOLS estimators indicate that the abundance of NAT is an important catalyst in reducing CO(2)emissions. The results denote that the EKC is valid in Turkey. Furthermore, although the total energy consumption enhances CO(2)emission, renewable energy reduces it. Thus, the increased use of NAT is important to improve the environmental quality in Turkey.
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    Does income inequality increase the ecological footprint in the US: evidence from FARDL test?
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Uzar, Umut; Eyuboglu, Kemal
    In recent years, there has been a great interest in identifying determinants of environmental degradation. Although the effects of many economic, social, and political factors on the environment have been studied, the evidence of the relationship between income distribution and the environment is still quite scant. Looking at previous studies, the effect of income distribution on carbon emissions has generally been examined. In the last two years, a new line of research has emerged that investigates the links between income distribution and ecological footprint. Therefore, we investigate the effect of income inequality on the ecological footprint also considering its components. In this study, Fourier ARDL and Fourier ADL (new econometric techniques) are utilized to determine the ecological footprint-income inequality nexus in the US covering the period 1965-2017. We included economic growth and energy consumption as explanatory variables in the model. In this context, the study is a pioneering study examining the impact of income inequality on the ecological footprint as an environmental indicator in the US. The empirical results of Fourier ARDL and Fourier ADL denote that income inequality, economic growth, energy consumption, ecological footprint, and its components (cropland, fishing ground, and carbon) are cointegrated. Besides, it is found that income inequality has a positive effect on ecological footprint and cropland. Results denoted that economic growth and energy consumption have a positive and significant effect on ecological footprint and cropland, fishing ground, and carbon footprint components.
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    Examining the roles of renewable energy consumption and agriculture on CO2emission in lucky-seven countries
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Eyuboglu, Kemal; Uzar, Umut
    Environmental degradation has become an important global issue due to the extraordinary increase in greenhouse gas emissions in recent years. Therefore, identifying the main determinants of environmental degradation is one of the primary agenda items of researchers and policymakers. In the literature, many social, economic, and sectorial factors related to the main determinants of CO(2)emissions have been studied. Although these studies provide very important information about the causes of CO(2)emissions and environmental degradation, some deficiencies remain in the related literature. The agricultural sector activities, which are an important sector at a global level and have significant potential impacts on CO(2)emissions, have not been adequately studied. In order to fill this gap, the effects of agriculture and renewable energy on CO(2)emissions were examined for lucky-seven countries during the period 1995-2014. The results of panel cointegration reveal the presence of long-run nexus among the variables. While the findings indicate that agriculture increases CO(2)emissions, renewable energy is a very important catalyst in reducing CO(2)emissions in lucky-seven countries. We also found that economic growth and energy consumption enhance CO(2)emissions and trade openness decreases. Panel VECM results indicate that variables are the causes of CO(2)emission in the long run. Also, we find that economic growth is the cause of CO(2)emissions in the short run.
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    Is the Feldstein-Horioka puzzle valid in lucky seven countries?
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2020) Eyuboglu, Sinem; Uzar, Umut
    In recent years, seven countries, called lucky seven have come to the fore due to improvements in governance quality and economic growth. Thus, examining the investment-saving nexus, which is an important factor of sustainable growth, is very important in the creation of economic policies. In this paper, the nexus between savings and investments in lucky seven countries are examined during the period 1990-2017. Westerlund (2006) and Westerlund (2007) cointegration test results denote that savings and investments are cointegrated. Common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG) and augmented mean group (AMG) estimation results showed that savings have a significant and positive effect on investments in Indonesia, Mexico, and Poland. Konya (2006) panel causality test results indicate that there is causality running from savings to investments in India and Mexico. Asymmetric test results denote that there is causality from positive shocks of savings to positive shocks of investments in Colombia, India, Kenya, and Mexico. In terms of negative shocks, no causality is determined. The overall results show that the hidden Feldstein-Horioka puzzle is valid in some lucky seven countries.
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    Navigating carbon neutrality pathway beyond energy and economic agents: the influence of media liberty across the OECD countries
    (Iop Publishing Ltd, 2025) Uzar, Umut; Eyuboglu, Kemal; Alola, Andrew Adewale
    Press freedom is a fundamental aspect of democratic societies, playing a critical role in shaping public discourse, fostering transparency, and holding institutions accountable. Furthermore, its impact extends beyond political and social realms to encompass environmental sustainability, particularly in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. While extensive research has been conducted on the economic, social, and institutional factors that influence environmental outcomes, the role of press freedom in shaping ecological footprint remains underexplored. However, this study aims to address this gap by examining the relationship between press freedom and ecological footprint across 36 OECD countries from 2013 to 2022. Utilizing a system generalized method of moments (GMM) analysis and controlling for economic growth, trade openness, and energy consumption, this research reveals significant findings. Specifically, it demonstrates that press freedom serves as a catalyst for reducing ecological footprint, presenting OECD countries with a unique opportunity for environmental gains and potentially achieving carbon neutrality. In contrast, we find indicators such as economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness have negative impact on environmental quality. Overall, this study underscores the importance of promoting press freedom as a key strategy for advancing environmental sustainability and calls for concerted efforts to harness its potential for mitigating ecological footprint in OECD countries and beyond.
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    New emerging market economies and the roles of energy use, financial development and socioeconomic aspects
    (Springer India, 2024) Eyuboglu, Sinem; Uzar, Umut; Alola, Andrew Adewale
    In recent years, emerging market economies have consistently achieved growth rates above the world average. In this study, the nexus among economic growth, energy consumption, industrialization, financial development, trade openness, and urbanization were tested over the period 1995-2019 for selected emerging countries (Colombia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico and Poland). The main findings of this study are as follows: The results showed that energy consumption, industrialization, and financial development positively affected economic growth for the entire panel. While trade openness negatively affected economic growth, urbanization was statistically insignificant. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test results indicate bidirectional causality between energy consumption and economic growth. Economic growth and energy consumption are the causes of industrialization. Thus, it can be concluded that a low-cost energy supply will help maintain economic performance with incentive policies such as tax deductions and credits provided for producers in the examined countries.
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    Testing the asymmetric impacts of income inequality, financial development and human development on ecological footprint in Türkiye: A NARDL approach
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Uzar, Umut; Eyuboglu, Kemal
    This study aims to explore the asymmetric effects of income inequality, financial development, and human development on the ecological footprint in T & uuml;rkiye between 1990 and 2021, as well as the symmetric impacts of energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness, and urbanization. The Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag method is employed to examine the short- and long-term relationships among the variables. This study distinguishes itself from previous research by examining the asymmetric effects of income inequality, human development, and financial development on the environment in T & uuml;rkiye, where significant economic and social transformations have occurred in the past few decades and have had severe impacts on the environment. The study's key findings demonstrate that shocks in income inequality, financial development, and human development have significant impacts on the ecological footprint. Our findings indicate the importance of using disaggregated data in the analyses. The results related to control variables indicate that energy consumption and economic growth exacerbate ecological pressure, while urbanization mitigates it. These findings have significant implications for policymakers, who can achieve socioeconomic and environmental gains by addressing crucial issues such as green job creation, green technologies, green financing, and environmental education.
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    The role of income inequality in shaping fishing ground footprint in Indonesia: Insights from the fourier augmented ARDL approach
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2025) Uzar, Umut; Eyuboglu, Kemal
    While many studies examine the determinants of ecological footprint, evidence regarding the determinants of fishing ground footprint is quite limited. These limited studies focus on traditional economic factors, examining the determinants of fishing ground footprint. This study represents the first theoretical and empirical investigation linking income inequality to fishing ground footprint. The aim is to explore the influence of income inequality on fishing grounds footprint in Indonesia from 1980 to 2022. The study employs the Fourier Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag method, which robustly captures both long-term dynamics while accounting for structural breaks in the data. This method offers more reliable results than traditional methods. The analysis also incorporates economic factors such as financial development, economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization. The key finding reveals that income inequality increases the fishing ground footprint, indicating a positive nexus between income inequality and the fishing ground footprint in Indonesia. Additionally, financial development, economic growth, and urbanization enhance the fishing ground footprint, while energy consumption and trade openness have no significant effects. The results provide important insights for policymakers, highlighting the nexus between sustainable development goals and suggesting that Indonesia can simultaneously reduce inequality and fishing ground footprint.
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    The role of institutional quality on tourist arrivals in leading emerging economies
    (Springer India, 2024) Uzar, Umut; Eyuboglu, Kemal; Alola, Uju Violet
    This study explores the relationship between tourist arrivals and institutional quality in leading emerging economies (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey) during 1996 to 2022. By utilizing principal component analysis for dimensions of governance performance, such as voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence/terrorism, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption, this study develops a comprehensive index that enables a nuanced understanding of the collective effect of these dimensions on tourism. The results of the panel data estimations indicate that institutional quality positively affects tourist arrivals in all countries, with strong effects in Mexico, Russia, and Turkey. Additionally, the study accounts for economic growth, the real effective exchange rate, and gross fixed capital formation, all of which show that overall, tourist arrivals increase in response to economic growth, decline in response to the exchange rate, and increase in response to gross fixed capital formation, with country-specific effects. Granger causality evidence supports these findings, implying the need for a comprehensive policy review to encourage the tourism industry in these countries.
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    The social, economic, and environmental drivers of renewable energy: Is income inequality a threat to renewable energy transition?
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2025) Eyuboglu, Kemal; Uzar, Umut
    This study focuses on the impact of income inequality on renewable energy consumption in Italy from 1970 to 2022, addressing a critical yet under-explored aspect of sustainable development. The analysis employs the advanced Fourier Augmented ARDL model to capture the socio-economic and environmental dynamics that influence renewable energy use, incorporating variables such as income inequality, economic growth, trade openness, and CO2 emissions for a more detailed understanding. The findings reveal that income inequality significantly and negatively affects renewable energy consumption, suggesting that higher inequality may hinder Italy's transition to clean energy. In contrast, economic growth has emerged as a positive driver of renewable energy use, whereas trade openness and CO2 emissions negatively impact renewable energy adoption. These results imply that policies aimed at reducing income inequality could be crucial for enhancing renewable energy consumption. In this context, the study advocates an integrated policy approach that concurrently addresses income inequality reduction and renewable energy promotion to achieve sustainable development goals. By underscoring the importance of harmonizing social and environmental objectives for lasting impacts, this study offers a significant contribution to the literature.