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    Environmental Sustainability in India: The Effects of Financial Development and Green Energy on Ecological Footprint
    (Berg Fac Technical Univ Kosice, 2024) Ozbek, Bahar; Ozbek, Sefa
    In this study, environmental sustainability is investigated through the ecological footprint variable in India from 1965 to 2018. In this context, the impact of renewable energy use, financial development, urbanization and economic growth on India's ecological footprint is analyzed. Since all variables were stationary at the first difference, the cointegration relationship between variables was tested with Gregory-Hansen and Hatemi-J cointegration tests. Empirical findings have shown that there is a long-term relationship between the variables in the relevant period. FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR estimators were used to determine the direction and magnitude of the effect of the explanatory variables on the dependent variable. The estimation results found that while economic growth increased the ecological footprint the most, financial development decreased the most. In addition, the increase in urbanization increases environmental degradation. However, although the use of green energy is not at the desired level, it increases the environmental quality. On the other hand, the study tests the EKC hypothesis for India. Research results support that there is an inverted-u-shaped relationship between economic growth and ecological footprint. Therefore, for India, whose GDP is integrated with fossil fuels, higher growth at the beginning causes more fossil fuel use and negatively affects environmental quality. On the other hand, increasing urbanization in India, which has an underdeveloped energy infrastructure, increases environmental degradation. However, increasing renewable energy and financial development offer significant opportunities to reduce the ecological footprint.
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    Governance, Corruption, Trade Openness, and Innovation: Key Drivers of Green Growth and Sustainable Development in Türkiye
    (Wiley, 2025) Naimoglu, Mustafa; Sahin, Serkan; Ozbek, Sefa
    This research aims to scrutinize the determinants of green growth in T & uuml;rkiye from 1995 to 2022, focusing on institutional quality, corruption, trade openness, and innovation. This study utilizes ARDL approach using annual data from 1995 to 2022 in T & uuml;rkiye. The results indicate that high quality governance enhances green growth and efficient governance structures support sustainable development. On the contrary, the findings indicate that corruption gives harm to green growth. Therefore, stronger anti-corruption measures can be instrumental in ensuring green growth. The results further show that increased trade openness is detrimental to green growth. These results suggest that greater trade openness leads to higher production, which in turn increases fossil fuel consumption, thereby hindering green growth. Finally, the positive impact of innovation on green growth emphasized the importance of patents and technological progress in promoting sustainability. These results direct policymakers' attention to improving governance, reducing corruption, aligning trade policies with environmental objectives and promoting innovation.
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    Is China Growing Dirty? A Cointegration Analysis with Structural Breaks
    (Istanbul Univ, 2022) Naimoglu, Mustafa; Ozbek, Sefa
    Economic growth and development are some of the most important macroeconomic targets for national economies. Many ways exist for achieving these goals, and ensuring sustainability has a very important place. How much economic growth and development need to contribute to increasing human welfare, the quality and characteristics of growth in a national economy become important. This study examines the relationships among energy consumption, trade liberalization, economic growth, and CO2 emissions over the sample period of 1971-2018 in the Chinese economy, which saw a 393.64% per capita increase in energy use, 3,180.01% increase in gross domestic product per capita, and 610.515% increase in CO2 emissions per capita in 2018 compared to 1971. The study first tests the stationarity of the variables using the Zivot and Andrews (1992) unit root tests with structural breaks. The presence of long-term relationships among the variables was investigated using the Gregory and Hansen (1996) cointegration test, which includes structural breaks in the model. The short- and long-term coefficient estimations were analyzed using the Full Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and canonical cointegration regression (CCR) methods. Estimates for the short- and long-term coefficients were analyzed using the FMOLS and CCR methods. The results show that economic growth and energy consumption increase CO2 emissions in the short and long term. Therefore, pollution growth is determined to have taken place in China. This result stands out as an important problem in China. The high level of CO2 emissions in China and the fact that this problem has a significant weight on a global scale removes the problem from being local. Therefore, politicians need to take concrete steps immediately to solve this problem