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Öğe Do Energy Prices and Industrialization Affect Energy Intensity? The Case of Turkey Under Structural Breaks(2022) Naimoğlu, Mustafa; Özbek, SefaThis study differs from other studies with the research of the energy density of Turkey, which imports more than half of its energy demand. While GDP per capita in Turkey increased by 347% in 2019 compared to 1968, energy consumption per capita increased by 324% in parallel with this. In other words, efficient use of energy in Turkey continues to be a big problem despite technological developments. Therefore, it is considered important to reduce energy intensity in Turkey, which is dependent on foreign energy. In this study, the relationship between GDP per capita, industrialization and energy prices, and energy intensity in the 1968-2019 period in the Turkish economy is investigated. The unit root process was determined by Perron (1989) and Zivot and Andrews (1992) tests, which allow structural breaks as an empirical method, and Gregory and Hansen (1996), a structural break cointegration test, was used. Empirical findings have shown that there is a long-term relationship between the variables. The Fully Modified Least Squares Method (FMOLS) estimator was used as the cointegration estimator. According to the cointegration estimation results, the increase in economic growth and energy price increases reduces energy intensity. However, higher industrialization leads to more intensive use of energy.Öğe Examining the Nexus of Energy Prices, Fossil Use, Efficiency, Technology export, and Environmental Quality: A Novel Analysis of the Top 10 Economies with the Highest Annual Increase in Energy Prices (1990-2021)-2(Technical University of Kosice, 2024) Naimoğlu, Mustafa; Özbek, BaharThis study investigates environmental quality for the top 10 economies with the highest average annual increase in energy prices over the period 1990-2021. For this purpose, the interdependence between energy prices, energy efficiency, fossil fuel consumption, medium-high technology exports, and CO2 emissions is investigated with annual data in the period 1990-2021. Slope heterogeneity and cross-section dependence were taken into account in the empirical analysis. Durbin-Hausman cointegration test and CCEMG estimator were used as methods. The findings showed that for the top 10 economies, higher energy prices and fossil fuel consumption increased environmental damage. Energy efficiency and more technology exports increase environmental quality. The study findings are new as this specific combination of variables for these top 10 countries has not been studied before. © 2024, Technical University of Kosice. All rights reserved.Öğe Exploring the impact of globalization, economic complexity, urbanization, and real income on environmental degradation in E-7 countries(Ege Üniversitesi, 2025) Şimşek, Orhan; Güler, İlkay; Özbek, Sefa; Adalı, Zafer; Naimoğlu, MustafaCurrent society has been centered on the edge of calamity induced by environmental degradation. Providing comprehensive scientific evidence and designing reliable and accurate policies have been irreparable initiatives to mitigate and reverse the effects of environmental degradation and harmonize the economy with nature. Within this addressed objective, the study explores the impact of globalization, economic complexity, urbanization, and real income on CO2 emissions, the ecological footprint, and the load capacity factor in 7 Emerging countries (E-7). The study provides comprehensive evidence regarding environmental degradation and environmental quality by handling three environmental-related indicators. The second-generation panel methods involving Durbin–Hausman panel cointegration LM Panel Bootstrap Cointegration Test AMG and CCEMG estimators and Dumitrescu and Hurlin Panel Causality Test are performed on the data spanning from 1995 to 2020. According to the investigation, the explanatory variables are cointegrated with three dependent variables. The study proves that renewable energy and globalization are pivotal factors in lessening environmental degradation and enriching environmental quality. However, urbanization and economic growth impair the environment of E-7 countries, while economic complexity is found to be a statistically significant factor for all environmental-related variables.Öğe Testing The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis under Structural Breaks: The Case of Turkey(2022) Naimoğlu, Mustafa; Özbek, SefaIn this study, the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is investigated with annual data for the period 1990-2019 for Turkey. For this, carbon dioxide emission, per capita income, renewable energy use, and energy loss data, and the EKC hypothesis are investigated. For this purpose, unit roots tests, which take into account structural breaks, were used. Then, Gregory-Hansen (1996) cointegration test was applied. The long-short-term relationship between the variables was tested with Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) and Canonical Co-integrated Regression (CCR) estimators. The findings show that the EKC hypothesis is valid for Turkey in the short-long term. In addition, it has been concluded that the increase in energy losses and the use of renewable energy reduces environmental pollution.
