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    Co-optimization on ecological adaptive cruise control and energy management of automated hybrid electric vehicles
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Zhang, Fengqi; Qi, Zhicheng; Xiao, Lehua; Coskun, Serdar; Xie, Shaobo; Liu, Yongtao; Li, Jiacheng
    Electrified drive systems and eco-driving technologies play a crucial role in promoting energy conservation. Ecodriving for hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs) is an intricate problem involving intertwined speed planning and energy management. In this context, an ecological adaptive cruise control (eco-ACC) and powertrain energy management strategy considering Signal Phase Timing Message (SPaT) can enhance both performance and realtime implementation. Specifically, this study develops a novel co-optimization method based on Pontryagin's minimum principle (PMP) that combines car-following control rules with the SPaT for a parallel HEV. The methodology involves the following steps: firstly, the parallel HEV model is established; secondly, the safe following distance model is constructed and the car-following control rules are devised to ensure safe driving. Subsequently, the co-optimization method based on PMP is then presented to simultaneously optimize the ecodriving problem of an ego-vehicle by converting the inter-vehicle distance constraint of the lead-vehicle into the limitation of the speed of the ego-vehicle. Finally, simulations are conducted under different scenarios for both fused SPaT and non-fused SPaT strategy. The simulation results demonstrate a reduction in fuel consumption by 6.27% and 5.69 % in two different scenarios, respectively, and a shorter driving time for the fused SPaT strategy compared to the non-fused SPaT strategy.